| PAG |
|
3 -
|
|
1. Distribution and circulation of toxic metals
in environment. and their effect on the biosphere (M. Dall'Aglio, R.
Marchetti & E. Sabbioni ) |
| |
|
3 -
|
|
1.1 Circulation in atmosphere |
| |
|
7 -
|
|
1.2 Circulation in natural waters |
| |
|
7 -
|
|
1.2.1 General |
| |
|
9 -
|
|
1.2.2 Specific metals |
| |
|
25 -
|
|
1.3 Safety limits far metals concentration with regard to
the conserva- tion of aquatic life in marine and freshwater environments |
| |
|
25 -
|
|
1.3.1 General |
| |
|
27 -
|
|
1.3.2 Specific metals |
| |
|
40 -
|
|
1.4 Exposure. metabolism and toxic effects of metals to men |
| |
|
40 -
|
|
1.4.1 General |
| |
|
43 -
|
|
1.4.2 Specific metals |
| |
|
76 -
|
|
1.5 Bibliography |
| |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
79 -
|
|
2. Origin and characteristics of wastewaters
with a high metal content (M. Beccari, P. Mappelli & D.
Marani) |
| |
|
79 -
|
|
2.1 Sources of meta l pollution |
| |
|
81 -
|
|
2.2 Industries far the extraction of metalli c
minerals |
| |
|
86 -
|
|
2.3 Industries far the production and finishing
of metallic materials |
| |
|
86 -
|
|
2.3.1 Synoptic table |
| |
|
86 -
|
|
2.3.2 Iron industry |
| |
|
92 -
|
|
2.3.3 Non-ferric metals industry |
| |
|
95 -
|
|
2.3.4 Mechanic and galvanic industries |
| |
|
100 -
|
|
2.4 Industry far the production of non-ferric
materials |
| |
|
102 -
|
|
2.5 Pulp and parer industry |
| |
|
103 -
|
|
2.6 Chemical industry and derivates |
| |
|
103 -
|
|
2.6.1 Synoptic table |
| |
|
108 -
|
|
2.6.2 Chloro-sodium production |
| |
|
113 -
|
|
2.7 Leąther tanning industry |
| |
|
117 -
|
|
2.8 Industry far electric and electronic components |
| |
|
117 -
|
|
2.8.1 Synoptic table |
| |
|
117 -
|
|
2.8.2 Battery production |
| |
|
122 -
|
|
2.9 Photographic industry |
| |
|
125 -
|
|
2.10 Wood industry |
| |
|
127 -
|
|
2.11 Printing industry |
| |
|
127 -
|
|
2.12 Industry far the production of electric power |
| |
|
133 -
|
|
2.13 Bibliography |
| |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
139 -
|
|
3 Waste treatment technologies: generai |
| |
|
139 -
|
|
3.1 Chemical precipitation (Mo Beccari, AoC
Di Pinto, L. Santoro & Go Volpicelli) |
| |
|
139 -
|
|
3.1.1 Process analysis |
| |
|
144 -
|
|
3.1.2 Description of main operating units |
| |
|
160 -
|
|
3.1.3 Bibliography |
| |
|
163 -
|
|
3.2 Advanced precipitation techniques (Do Marani
& Go Tiravanti) |
| |
|
169 -
|
|
3.2.1 Bibliography |
| |
|
171-
|
|
3.3 Ion exchange (Lo Liberti) |
| |
|
171 -
|
|
3.3.1 Process description |
| |
|
179 -
|
|
3.3.2 Applications |
| |
|
188 -
|
|
3.3.3 Bibliography |
| |
|
193 -
|
|
3.4 Other techniques (G. Tiravanti & E.
Drioli) |
| |
|
193 -
|
|
3.4.1 Evaporation process |
| |
|
196 -
|
|
3.4.2 Electrochemical processes |
| |
|
199 -
|
|
3.4.3 Electrodialysis process |
| |
|
201 -
|
|
3.4.4 Reverse osmosis and ultrafiltration processes |
| |
|
204 -
|
|
3.4.5 Liquid membranes process |
| |
|
207 -
|
|
3.4.6 Bibliography |
| |
|
209 -
|
|
3.5 Treatment and di sposai of sludge and concentrated
solutions (M. Beccari, L. Santoro & G. Volpicelli) |
| |
|
210 -
|
|
3.5.1 Inertization |
| |
|
|
|
3.5.2 Recovery |
| |
|
220 -
|
|
- from concentrated solutions |
| |
|
220 -
|
|
- from sludges |
| |
|
222 -
|
|
3.5.3 Bibliography |
| |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
227 -
|
|
4 Depuration technologies far removal of specific
metals (Go & D. Marani ) |
| |
|
229 -
|
|
4.1 Silver |
| |
|
229 -
|
|
4.2 Arsenic |
| |
|
231 -
|
|
4.3 Barium |
| |
|
235 -
|
|
4.4 Boron |
| |
|
237 -
|
|
4.5 Cadmium |
| |
|
240 -
|
|
4.6 Chromium |
| |
|
246 -
|
|
4.7 Iron |
| |
|
253 -
|
|
4.8 Manganese |
| |
|
257 -
|
|
4.9 Mercury |
| |
|
260 -
|
|
4.10 Nickel |
| |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
269 -
|
|
Tiravanti |
| |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
276 -
|
|
4.11 Lead |
| |
|
280 -
|
|
4.12 Correr |
| |
|
293 -
|
|
4.13 Selenium |
| |
|
295 -
|
|
4.14 Zinc |
| |
|
300 -
|
|
4.15 Bibliography |
| |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
313 -
|
|
Appendixes |
| |
|
313 -
|
|
A. Reliability of results of trace metal determinations
in the environment and wastewaters (G. Macchi & G. Tiravanti) |
| |
|
315 -
|
|
A.l Introduction |
| |
|
319 -
|
|
A.2 Sampling |
| |
|
322 -
|
|
A.3 Filtration |
| |
|
324 -
|
|
A.4 Conservation |
| |
|
325 -
|
|
A.5 Handling |
| |
|
326 -
|
|
A.6 Conclusion |
| |
|
329 -
|
|
A.7 Bibliography |
| |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
357 -
|
|
B. Sources of metal diffusion in Italy: «Risk
map» (F.M. Spaziani) |
| |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
358 -
|
|
C. Some examples of industriaI realizations (A.C
Di Finto, D. Marani & . G. Tiravanti) |
| |
|
366 -
|
|
C.l Abatement and recovery of cadmium and other
heavy metals from effluents of a metallurgical industry by a precipitation-coprecipitation
process |
| |
|
375 -
|
|
C.2 Montedison Process far mercury abatement and
recovery from the effluents of a chlorine-sodium plant with mercury cathod
cells |
| |
|
379 -
|
|
C.3 Correr and zinc removal from effluents of
washing plants submitted to decapage of semi-finished materials made with
correr and its leagues |
| |
|
383 -
|
|
C.4 The sludge treatment plant in the Crotone
industrial area |
| |
|
387 -
|
|
C.5 The LMI factory sludge treatment plant in
Villa Carcina |
